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How Are Drugs Conjugated To Antibodies?

Antibody-Drug Conjugates (ADCs) are a new class of highly potent biological drugs built by attaching a small molecule anticancer drug or another therapeutic agent to an antibody, with either a permanent or a labile linker. The antibody targets a specific antigen only found on target cells.
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Antibody-drug Conjugates or ADCs are highly targeted biopharmaceutical drugs that combine monoclonal antibodies specific to surface antigens present on particular tumor cells with highly potent anti-cancer agents linked via a chemical linker.

With ten approved drugs on the market, ADCs have become a powerful class of therapeutic agents in oncology and hematology.

Summary

Antibody-drug Conjugates (ADC) are empowered antibodies (mAbs) designed to harness the targeting ability of monoclonal antibodies by linking them to cell-killing agents. An ideal ADC has:

A highly selective monoclonal antibody (mAb) for a tumor-associated antigen that has restricted or no expression on normal (healthy) cells;A potent cytotoxic agent (generally a small molecule drug with high systemic toxicity) designed to induce target cell death after being internalized in the tumor cell and released;A linker that is stable in circulation, but releases the cytotoxic agent in target cells.

Antibody-drug Conjugates

Covalently linked monoclonal antibodies to small molecule drugs that target the specific cancer cell to reduce systemic toxicityIncrease the cell-killing potential of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), andConfer higher tumor selectivity. As a result, the tolerability of the drug increases.Compared to standard chemotherapeutic drugs or biologics, there is limited systemic exposure

Mechanistically, Antibody-drug Conjugates exert their activity by (1) selective binding of the antibody to tumor, (2) internalization and (3) lysosomal degradation, and release of the cytotoxic payload, leading to cytotoxic cell death.

01: An Innovative Therapeutic Application

Antibody-drug Conjugates or ADCs are a new class of highly potent biopharmaceutical drug composed of an antibody linked, via a chemical linker, to a biologically active drug or cytotoxic compound. Thes targeted agents combine the unique and very sensitive targeting capabilities of antibodies allowing sensitive discrimination between healthy and cancer tissues with the cell-killing ability of cytotoxic drugs.

To date, ten Antibody-drug Conjugates have received market approval and nearly 100 investigational ADCs are currently in pre-clinical and clinical trials.

Antibody-drug Conjugates represent an innovative therapeutic application that combines the unique, high specificity, properties, and anti-tumor activity of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that are tumor-specific but not sufficiently cytotoxic, with the potent cell-killing activity of highly cytotoxic small molecule drugs that are unsuitable for systemic administration alone.

Because these agents are capable of delivering highly cytotoxic payloads directly to tumor cells they can be used to achieve high lethality toward the targeted cancer cells while leaving healthy cells unharmed.

Figure 1.0: Structure of an antibody-drug conjugate. (Courtesy: By Bioconjugator – Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=58772304)

In linking monoclonal antibodies with cytotoxic agents, scientists have been able to optimize the features of both components.

The key components of Antibody-drug Conjugates include a monoclonal antibody, a stable linker, and a cytotoxic agent to target a variety of cancers. The cytotoxic (anticancer) drug is chemically linked (conjugated using disulfide or non-cleavable thioether linker chemistry) to a monoclonal antibody that recognizes a specific tumor-associated antigen, making the drug combination very specific.

In simple terms, Antibody-drug Conjugates deliver “deactivated” cytotoxins to specific cancer cells. Once in the tumor cell – internalization – the cytotoxin is released after which it regains its full – cancer-killing – cytotoxic activity. In turn, this leads to rapid cell death.

While the concept of Antibody-drug Conjugates is relatively easy to understand and relatively straightforward, the design and synthesis of a fully functional and effective antibody-drug conjugate is remarkably challenging, often requiring specialized development teams.

Figure 1.1: Biotechnology + Chemistry = Antibody-drug Conjugates. Image Courtesy: Lonza. Adapted from Rohrer T. [5]

02: The Make-up of an ADC

Monoclonal antibodies are attached to biologically active drugs by chemical linkers with labile bonds. By combining the unique targeting of mAbs with the cancer-killing ability of cytotoxic drugs, Antibody-drug Conjugates allow sensitive discrimination between healthy and diseased tissue. Antibody-drug Conjugates are part of a specialized and technically challenging type of therapy combining innovations from biotechnology and chemistry to form a new class of highly potent biopharmaceutical drugs.

The unique property of Antibody-drug Conjugates is that these so-called armed antibodies selectively dispatch highly potent cytotoxic anticancer chemotherapies directly to cancer cells while, at the same time, leaving healthy tissue unaffected. [1,2]

03: Availability

With the approvals of gemtuzumab Ozogamicin (Mylotarg®; Wyeth Pharmaceuticals, a subsidiary of Pfizer), brentuximab vedotin (Adcetris®; Seattle Genetics/Millennium Pharmaceuticals), ado-trastuzumab emtansine (Kadcyla®; Genentech/Roche), inotuzumab ozogamicin (Besponsa®; Wyeth Pharmaceuticals, a subsidiary of Pfizer), Enfortumab vedotin (Padcev™; Astellas Pharma / Seattle Genetics), Fam-trastuzumab deruxtecan-nxki (Enhertu®; Daiichi Sankyo and AstraZeneca), Polatuzumab vedotin-piiq (Polivy™; Genentech/Roche), sacituzumab govitecan (sacituzumab govitecan-hziy; Trodelvy™; Immunomedics) and more than 80 ADCs in current clinical trial pipelines, ADCs are a new drug class. Owing to improved technology and appropriate targeting, the clinical application of ADCs is accelerating rapidly.[3]

Conventional chemotherapy is designed to eliminate fast-growing tumor cells. It can, however, also harm healthy proliferating cells, which causes undesirable side effects. [4] In contrast, ADCs are designed to increase the efficacy of therapy and reduce systemic toxicity, often seen with small molecule drugs.

04: Linker technology

Antibody-drug Conjugates deliver highly potent cytotoxic anticancer agents to cancer cells by joining them to monoclonal antibodies by biodegradable, stable linkers and discriminate between cancer and normal tissue. These linkers are either cleavable or non-cleavable.

Advances in linker technology needed to attach monoclonal antibodies to cytotoxic anticancer agents to allow control over drug pharmacokinetics and significantly improve delivery of a cytotoxic agent to cancer cells.

05: How they work

The antibody-drug conjugate is a three-component system including a potent cytotoxic anticancer agent linked via a biodegradable linker to an antibody. The antibody binds to specific markers (antigens or receptors) at the surface of the cancer cell. The whole antibody-drug conjugate is then internalized within the cancer cell, where the linker is degraded and the active drug released.

The focused delivery of the cytotoxic agent to the tumor cell is designed to maximize the anti-tumor effect of ADCs, while minimizing its normal tissue exposure, potentially leading to an improved therapeutic index. [1]

The mechanism of action (MOA) of Antibody-drug Conjugates is rather simple. When some portion of the antibody-drug conjugate is administered intravenously localizes to a tumor and binds to a target antigen on the cell surface of the tumor cell, the complex will be internalized into the cell. Following internalization, the internalized vesicles fuse with other vesicles and enter the endosome-lysosome pathway. In the lysosome, proteases in a mild acidic environment digest the monoclonal antibody to release free payloads, which then cross the lysosome membrane to enter the cytoplasm and/or the nucleus where they bind to the target molecule which, in turn, leads to cell death. [4]

06: Specificity and efficacy

The efficacy of antibody-targeted chemotherapy greatly depends on the specific binding of the targeting antibody-drug conjugate to the specific tumor antigen and on the internalization of the antigen-antibody complex to ensure focused delivery of the conjugated cytotoxic agent inside tumor cells.

The focused delivery of the cytotoxic agent to tumor cells maximizes the antitumor effect. It also minimizes normal tissue exposure that results in an improved therapeutic index and less damage to the surrounding, healthy tissue.

07: Antibody affinity

The monoclonal antibody affinity, the strength with which an antibody binds to an epitope (antigenic determinant), to the selected antigen is an important factor in ADCs. So-called high-affinity antibodies may have a greater uptake, increasing the therapeutic advantage. [5] However, while the uptake by the ‘outer layer’ of antigen-positive cells may be higher, the penetration and distribution throughout a ‘bulky tumors’ may be reduced.

08: Cytotoxic drugs

There are thousands of cellular toxins from either natural sources or chemical synthesis, but only a very few are suitable as components for use in an Antibody-drug Conjugate (ADCs). In the development of early ADCs, researchers used clinically approved chemotherapeutic drugs. One reason is that these agents were readily available and their toxicological properties were well known.

However, these early ADCs were only moderately potent and generally less cytotoxic for the targeted tumor cells than the corresponding unconjugated agents.

To solve this problem, scientists started to look at compounds found to be too toxic when tested as a stand-alone chemotherapeutic agent. But the number of these high potent toxins, generally 100 to 1,000 times more toxic than traditional anticancer agents, and are stable, is quite limited.

Among these are highly potent, biologically active anti-microtubule agents, alkylating agents, and DNA minor groove binding agents are being used in combination with humanized mAb targeting agents. These drugs are biologically active at the ng/Kg level placing them in the most potent class of advanced cancer drugs.

The cytotoxicity of the inhibitors of tubulin polymerization such as the maytansinoids (maytansine; DMs), dolastatins, auristatin drug analogs, and cryptophycin are related to their ability to inhibit cell division by binding tubulin, which arrests the target cell in the G2/M stage of the cell cycle resulting in apoptosis. These agents include the duocarmycin derivatives such as CC-1065 analogs and duocarmycin are DNA alkylating agents, the enediyne antibiotics including esperamicin and calicheamicin which catalyze DNA double-strand breaks and pyrrolobenzodiazepine (PBD), a DNA minor groove binding agent. Pyrolobenodiazepine (PBD) has shown in vitro cytotoxic potency against human tumor cell lines at 20pmol/L in the cell culture medium. [6]

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9 Related questions Answers found

What are antibody-drug conjugates

Antibody-drug Conjugates or ADCs are highly targeted biopharmaceutical drugs that combine monoclonal antibodies specific to surface antigens present on particular tumor cells with highly potent anti-cancer agents linked via a chemical linker.

How do you conjugate oligonucleotides to antibodies

In one example, the first oligonucleotide strand was conjugated to the antibody using interchain disulfides to give a variety of OAR, which was controlled by adjusting TCEP equivalents used during the reduction step. The complementary strain of DNA was modified with a thiol or an amine to conjugate MC-Val-Cit-PAB-MMAE, SMCC-DM1 or DM1 directly.

How do antibodies fight cancer

The antibody binds to specific markers (antigens or receptors) at the surface of the cancer cell. The whole antibody-drug conjugate is then internalized within the cancer cell, where the linker is degraded and the active drug released.

How do you capture a conjugated antibody with streptavidin

The sense strand of the oligonucleotide was biotinylated, which allowed the capture of the conjugated antibody with streptavidin. The antibody could be captured by standard ELISA methods, and thus, a PK profile of the conjugated and total mAb could be generated.

What was the first antibody drug conjugate?

The first immunology antibody-drug conjugate (iADC), ABBV-3373, showed an improvement in disease activity in a Phase 2a study of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and a study with the second iADC, ABBV-154 to evaluate adverse events and change in disease activity in participants treated with subcutaneous injection of ...

What is ADC in oncology?

Antibody drug conjugates (ADCs) are drugs designed to target specific cancer cells and release a toxic drug into the cancer cell. The Parts of an ADC and Their Importance. Antibody drug conjugates work like a “smart bomb” directed against cancer cells.

Where are drugs conjugated?

Glucuronidation, the most common phase II reaction, is the only one that occurs in the liver microsomal enzyme system. Glucuronides are secreted in bile and eliminated in urine. Thus, conjugation makes most drugs more soluble and easily excreted by the kidneys.

How does conjugation affect drug effectiveness?

After conjugation, drugs can reach a prolonged half-life, higher stability and water solubility, lower immunogenicity and antigenicity and a specific targeting in tissues or cells.

What are conjugated monoclonal antibodies?

Conjugated monoclonal antibodies — also known as labeled, loaded or tagged antibodies — are radioactive particles that are combined with a chemotherapy drug. These monoclonal antibodies deliver the therapy directly to cells that need it the most and decreases damage to normal cells within the body.